What is the relationship between the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave?

In an electromagnetic wave, the electric and magnetic fields are oriented at right angles to each other and to the direction of wave propagation. This perpendicular arrangement is a fundamental characteristic of electromagnetic waves and is described by Maxwell's equations, which govern the behavior of electric and magnetic fields.

The electric field oscillates in one plane, while the magnetic field oscillates in a plane that is perpendicular to the electric field. Together, these fields propagate through space as a wave, moving at the speed of light. This orthogonal relationship is crucial for the transmission of energy and information via electromagnetic radiation.

Understanding this orientation helps clarify concepts like polarization and wave propagation in various media, as well as how antennas operate in transmitting or receiving electromagnetic signals.